Migration: People On The Move Social Studies 9 Chapter 4 Migration and Identity Canadas identity is influenced by the movement of people Whenever someone moves from one
country to another, or from region to region they take ideas and ways of living with them. First Nations and Inuit There are four theories of where first nations people came from. 1. Beringia Land Bridge: First nations crossed a landbridge from Russia during the last ice age. This is the most widely accepted theory.
Humans spread south across the North America and into South America It was only after the Ice age was over that they began to make their way back north Beringia Theory Video First Nations and Inuit 2. Crossing The Pacific:
There is evidence to support a theory that at least some of the populations of First Nations people in South America came from Australia, New Zealand and small Pacific Islands First Nations and Inuit 3. Atlantic Ocean: Theory that First Nations people came from across the Atlantic ocean.
4. Turtle Island: Many First Nations people have their own belief about their origins. Many believe they were here since the beginning. Turtle Island Video Why Do People Move? Migrate: To move to a new location. Geographers group the reasons why people migrate into two
categories: Push Factors: Things that cause people to leave a location. Push Factors Include War Famine Poverty
Unemployment Natural Disaster Lack of freedom Climate Change Migration
Pull Factors: Things that attract people to a new location. Pull Factors Include Good Economy Available Land Reunion of Family New Resource
Access to Technology Good Political System Good Climate
Push and Pull Video Canada has a reputation for welcoming immigrants. The government decides who can come in and how many Changing Immigration Patterns Today Canada has a reputation for welcoming refugees. Canada tries to promote peace, justice, human rights multiculturalism its immigration policy.
Multiculturalism is an official policy that recognizes and supports the many cultural customs of different groups living in Canada. In the past, Canada was more ethnocentric. Ethnocentrism is the belief that your culture and customs are better than
everyone elses. Because of ethnocentrism, Canadas immigration policy was influenced by prejudice. Prejudice is the belief that all people are not of equal value.
Immigrants from Britain and the US were given preferential treatment. Others were discriminated against. Discrimination is unfair treatment because of race, color, religion, etc Examples of Canadas racist immigration policy : 1. African-Americans =not suited to
our climate 2. Chinese Immigration Act (1922) 3. Jewish refugees (WW2) some Jews who did enter Canada were put in prison camps with Germans Immigration Before 1945 The Canadian Government was
eager to settle the West with European farmers First Nations who lived on the land were forced to resettle on reserves Free land was offered to immigrants from Britain, the U.S, and even Eastern Europe Canada was eager to settle the vast western frontier and eagerly
promoted free land for new settlers from US and Britain and even eastern Europe. By the 1920s most of the Prairies were settled. Many new immigrants moved to the cities to work in growing industries. Others worked on railroads or mines The Great Depression of the 1930s forced the govt to change its policy in the face of widespread poverty and unemployment.
Most Canadians opposed immigration fearing a loss of more jobs to newcomers. Post 1945 Canadas immigration policy was changed after WW2 being more
sympathetic to refugees. Workers were needed in post war industry boom. Examples of Refugees Accepted - 1947-50 WW2 refugees - 1968-69 Czechoslovakia- 1971-80 Uganda -1972 Chile - 1975-81 Indo-Chinese (Boat people) - 1999 Kosovo
- 2010 Sri-Lanka Todays Immigration Policy Canadas current policy was started in the 1960s. It aimed to end discrimination. By 1976 a system was set up on the basis of a 3 class system 3 Class System 1. Family Class a close relative already living
Canada can sponsor relatives 2. Refugee Class someone fleeing great personal danger 3. Independent Class these people are assessed based on a point system in
4.4 Arguments Debateforover Immigration & Refugees immigration : - big country & small population ( more people are need to develop economy ) - immigrants provide new ideas and new skills
- they fill jobs that most Canadians turn down - multiculturalism is enriched Arguments Against Immigration : 1. lack of jobs for bigger population 2. they take jobs away from Canadians 3. Some draw on social welfare programs and services 4. different groups can increase racial tensions within Canada
Arguments for accepting refugees : We must honour our commitment to the U.N. to aid the displaced and persecuted - returning refugees will endanger their lives - Canada is a big country with lots of room - people in desperate conditions cannot afford the 2 year wait Arguments Against New Refugees : 1. Not all claims are legitimate
2. Those without proper ID can cause security 3. Refugees can skip the line of others threats waiting to enter 4. Accepting them will promote others in the
future 5. Accepting them will encouragepeople smugglers 4.5 Changing Migration Within Canada Outmigration or internal migrationis the movement away from an area 4.5 Changing Migration Within
Canada For Maritimers, out-migration began shortly after Confederation. They sought better jobs or opportunities elsewhere Cod Moratorium (1992) Mass out-migration in Newfoundland began with the collapse of the cod fishery in NL in the 1990s led to thousands of
NLers losing their jobs overnight. The Canadian govt responded with the TAGS program. Once TAGS ended, thousands of Newfoundlanders left NL to find work elsewhere. 3 reasons why outmigration from NL :
A. Cod Moratorium cod fishery closed due to possible extinction of the cod stocks. Many people affected and jobs and careers ended as a result B. Recession mines closed, economy slumped,
loss of jobs C. TAGS program some fishermen did under the table jobs and hurt
other professionals End of Tags meant fishermen had no options but to leave the province to find work Took seats from other young people who wanted a secondary education thereby forcing young people to
leave to find work on the mainland Effects of outmigration : less people to collect taxes from govt revenue declines as a result
many govt services have to be cut back or eliminated When people leave, there is less money circulating in local businesses and less people hired to work in these industries
Atlantic Canadian governments receive less transfer payments from the federal govt for health and education programs. Outmigration has a number of effects on Atlantic Canada :.
Brain Drain Young educated people who should be the most productive members of society move away. The costs of educating these people is not returned to the area. Aging Population The average age of Atlantic Canadians is rising. These people produce less wealth and increase the demand and costs for health care.
Workers Some employers are having difficulties finding qualified workers. Government MoneyTransfer payments from the Canadian government are based on population. Fewer people means fewer dollars 4.6 Emigration
Emigration means to leave your country to live somewhere else. Each year, about 50,000 Canadians emigrate to the US. Many Canadians fear that Canada is suffering from a brain drain a loss of highly educated people Many people, however, think that brain drain is not a big issue for the following reasons. 1) Canada benefited from immigration of highly skilled workers
2) Due to greater number of immigrants to Canada more University graduates are entering the country than leaving 3) post-grads entering equal post grads leaving for U.S.
